question A (n) _____ is a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way that may be either positive, negative, or ambivalent. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Assuming that currency and deposits remain the same, what happens to the amount of excess reserves, the excess reserve ratio, the money supply, and the money multiplier? b. Blaming the victim reflects the belief that, because the world is just, the victim must have done something to deserve his or her fate. ***Remember, this is the shock experiment***. Which of the following persons is most clearly acting aggressively? "It was bound to happen," he said. For the two studies that measured medicine expectations for the bDMARD infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease [ 54 , 55 ], at least half of participants overestimated . B) after an event has occurred to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. Hindsight bias - Wikipedia Which of the following is NOT a common attributional bias or explanatory pattern? You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. 04/29/2021 Social Studies High School answered Blaming the victim is the tendency: a. to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred. Because individualistic cultures tend to emphasize independence, self-expression, and standing out from the crowd, the whole notion of conformity tends to carry a negative connotation while it does not in collectivistic cultures. What was the question that Milgram wanted to study? actor-observer bias social norms Representative bias 2. Familiarity is another predictor of attraction and liking. B ) fundamental attribution bias ; just - world hypothesis. What is implied by stimulus generalization? People overestimate this tendency to claim. The tendency after an event has occurred to. The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event is called For example, during a football game, a fan may complain about a play that went wrong. Milgram's first obedience study was conducted with 40 male subjects. Select one: a.self-serving bias; self-effacing bias b.fundamental attribution bias; just-world hypothesis The term hindsight bias refers to the tendency people have to view past events as more predictable (and thus preventable) than they really were. The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred is to _____ as the tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem is to _____. Like other biases, we are all susceptible to hindsight bias. . Experiment I The tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome is called: . c. The Brazilian government announces that it will print billions of new reais and inject them into the economy in an effort to reduce the countrys unemployment rate. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, Blaming the victim is the tendency: a. to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred. Define obedience, and explain the results of Milgram's obedience experiments: Obedience is the performance of a behavior in response to a direct command. Meagan's behavior in this example illustrates: _____ is the social psychologist who is best known for his pioneering studies of conformity. Stereotype Threat: is a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group. Implicit Cognition refers to the automatic, non-conscious mental processes that influence perceptions, judgments, decisions, and reasoning. The results of Milgram's obedience experiments were that ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of killing an innocent human being. Calculate the money supply, the currency deposit ratio, the excess reserve ratio, and the money multiplier. (3) The gradual, repetitive escalation of the task. The Iraqi prisoners were of a different culture, ethnic group, and religion than the prison guards, none of whom spoke Arabic. They found participants rarely had accurate expectations of benefits and harms, and for many interventions, they had a tendency to overestimate benefits and underestimate harms. Hannah's interest most closely resembles an area of social psychology called: Dr. Krane studies questions such as why we conform to group norms, what compels us to obey authority figures, and the conditions under which people will help a stranger. Hindsight bias is the tendency: A) in individualistic cultures, to explain the behavior of other people by attributing their behavior to internal, personal characteristics. This example illustrates: Althoughthe_____iscommoninindividualisticcultures,suchasAustraliaandtheUnitedStates, in collectivistic cultures, such as Japan and China, the _____ is more common. The tendency, after an event has occurred to think the outcome was predictable. Factors that influence the likelihood of helping behavior: (1) The "feel good, do good" effect. "Ill make sure that you are always sexually satisfied."c. the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. B)the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. "I know that Im unable to orgasm consistently, but its not your fault.". As a result, the M1 money multiplier was below 1 for most of the time from October 2008 through 2011. Cognitive dissonance commonly occurs in situations in which you become uncomfortably aware that your behavior and your attitudes are in conflict. When we're uncertain or doubt our own judgment, we may look to the group as a source of accurate information, which is called informational social influence. b. British monetary authorities announce that they feel the pound has been driven too low by currency speculators relative to the dollar. (2) The situation, or context, in which the obedience occurred. After a week of separation, the researchers arranged for the groups to meet in a series of competitive games. people with abnormal and twisted personalities. Stereotypes are based on the assumption that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group. This classic cognitive bias is a staple of behavioral economics and speaks to the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate our own ability in having predicted an outcome. Aronson and his colleagues tried a teaching technique that stressed cooperative, rather than competitive, learning situations. Assuming the ratios you calculated in part (a) remain the same, predict the effect on the money supply. The tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen, Dan is wealthy, and his peers are aware of this. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred is to _____ as the tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem is to _____. The hindsight bias refers to a cognitive error (bias) which are the human tendency to strongly claim about an event's prediction after the event has occurred. This is referred to as: The performance of a behavior in response to a direct command is called: Milgram was influenced by Asch's conformity research, but he wanted to take Asch's research a step further and investigate a more important question. hindsight bias, the tendency, upon learning an outcome of an eventsuch as an experiment, a sporting event, a military decision, or a political electionto overestimate one's ability to have foreseen the outcome. Hindsight bias is the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. Milgram was interested in researching how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person. b. in collectivistic cultures to blame oneself for one's failures, while downplaying one's successes. Define the terms attribution and the fundamental attribution error. The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. In other words, the more attractive = the more benefits you receive in life. Only his voice could be heard. But when your behavior cannot be easily justified, how can you resolve the contradiction and eliminate the unpleasant state of dissonance? Check: Blaming the victim is the tendency: a. to overestimate one's First, when we describe the members of our in-group, we typically see them as being quite varied, despite having enough features in common to belong to the same group. a strong need to believe . Nadine's behavior best illustrates the importance of: When we want to be correct but are uncertain or doubt our own judgment, we may look to the group as a source of accurate information. A new trend in Illinois is for litigants to attempt to introduce evidence of hindsight bias through opinion testimony by experts in human factors or . Refers to feeing drawn to other people and having positive thoughts and feelings about them. However, when she went for a job interview she decided to wear a good tailored suit. The term "hindsight bias" is defined as "the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen." Explicit Cognition refer to deliberate, conscious mental processes involved in perceptions, judgments, decisions, and reasoning of other people. f(t)=1+2cos[3(t3)]f(t)=-1+2 \cos \left[\frac{\pi}{3}(t-3)\right] He asked each group to predict how subjects would behave. 12.The tendency to attribute successful outcomes of one's own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes is called: A) the self-serving bias.B) the fundamental attribution error. People have a strong tendency to perceive others in terms of two very basic social categories: "us" and "them." Illusion of control: the tendency for people to overestimate their ability to control events. D) the self-effacing bias. This is called the just-world hypothesis. A new trend in Illinois is for litigants to attempt to introduce evidence of hindsight bias through opinion testimony by experts in human factors or psychology. The three components are as follows: (1) a cognitive component: your thoughts and conclusions about a given topic or object, (2) an emotional or affective component, and (3) a behavioral component, in which attitudes are reflected in action. 259. Natalie's inference about the cause of the behavior of her brother's friend is an example of: The common tendency in individualistic cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called: While eating at a restaurant, you see a waiter's serving tray tilt and an avalanche of food and beverages splatters on four people. School Saddleback College; Course Title CS1A 1A; Type. Hindsight bias: the tendency, after an event has occurred, to unjustifiably see the event as having been predictable. Blaming the victim: It refers to the phenomenon to blame victims of any negative event responsible for the outcome. As children we are bombarded with the message that "beauty is good," and as result of such cultural conditioning, most people have an implicit personality theory that associates physical attractiveness with a wide range of desirable characteristics. we are more attracted to people whom we perceive as being like usin physical characteristics, personality traits, attitudes, and even psychological health. Listed are 29 ages for Academy Award-winning best actors in order from smallest to largest. Explain how the out-group homogeneity effect and in-group bias [ethnocentrism] can lead to prejudicial attitudes: Two important patterns characterize our views of in-groups versus out-groups. Presented with two opposing predictions, most people are . Because no one person feels all the pressure to respond, each bystander becomes less likely to help. the taylor rule for the federal funds rate implies that the central bank is concerned with. if you were a subject in Milgram's original obedience experiment, it is very likely that: you would play the role of the teacher and get to shock the learner. Explain the role of the fundamental attribution error and hindsight bias as it relates to people's tendency to "blame the victim" and how this relates to the just-world hypothesis. in-groups and out-groups in forming stereotypes: Prejudice: A negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group. the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate People have a strong need to believe that the world is fairthat "we get what we deserve and deserve what we get." Ex. This tendency is called the out-group homogeneity effect. Could people be pressured by others into committing an immoral act or taking an action that violated their conscience, such as hurting a stranger? In combination, stereotypes and in-group/out-group bias form the cognitive basis for prejudicial attitudes. actor-observer bias social norms. One form of in-group bias is called ethnocentrismthe belief that one's culture or ethnic group is superior to others. In other words, we notice the diversity within our own group. First, the learner was in a separate room and not visible. attribution errors and Milgrams research on obedience to. Since you can't go back and change the behavior, you change your attitude to make it consistent with your behavior. In-groups and out-groups aren't necessarily limited to racial, ethnic, or religious boundaries. Overconfidence bias is the tendency to overestimate one's knowledge and abilities. Self-serving bias is when we have a tendency to take credit for our successes by attributing them to internal, personal causes, along with a tendency to distance ourselves from our failures by attributing them to external, situational causes. B) self-effacing bias.C) hindsight bias. c. Suppose the central bank conducts the same open market purchase as in part (b), except that banks choose to hold all of these proceeds as excess reserves rather than loan them out, due to fear of a financial crisis. 18;21;22;25;26;27;29;30;31;33;36;37;41;42;47;52;55;57;58;62;64;67;69;71;72;73;74;76;7718 ; 21 ; 22 ; 25 ; 26 ; 27 ; 29 ; 30 ; 31 ; 33 ; 36 ; 37 ; 41 ; 42 ; 47 ; 52 ; 55 ; 57 ; 58 ; 62 ; 64 ; 67 ; 69 ; 71 ; 72 ; 73 ; 74 ; 76 ; 77 18;21;22;25;26;27;29;30;31;33;36;37;41;42;47;52;55;57;58;62;64;67;69;71;72;73;74;76;77. If other people are present or imagined, helping behavior declinesa phenomenon called the bystander effect.There seem to be two major reasons for the bystander effect. Identify the factors that influence conformity, including normative and informational social influence, and explain how culture affects conformity: There are two basic reasons that people conform. Just-World hypothesis Believing that the world is just and the person deserved his or her fate. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A decision-making strategy that involves evaluating all of the options one characteristic at a time, starting with the most important, and discarding an option if it doesn't meet that criterion, is called the _____ model. Solomon Asch posed a question on conformity: Would people still conform to the group if the group opinion was clearly wrong? Respond in two to three sentences. What is the difference between gerrymandering and Redistricting? When police finally found her and the details of her captivity were widely publicized, some observers publicly questioned why the girl never tried to escape or get the attention of the police. Perhaps tension between racial groups might decrease if cooperation replaced competition. The innocent victim of a crime, disaster, or serious illness is blamed for having somehow caused the misfortune or for not having taken steps to prevent it. In new growth theory, the source of economic growth is ________. Explore our library and get Introductory Psychology Homework Help with various study sets and a huge amount of quizzes and questions, Find all the solutions to your textbooks, reveal answers you wouldt find elsewhere, Scan any paper and upload it to find exam solutions and many more, Studying is made a lot easier and more fun with our online flashcards, Try out our new practice tests completely, 2020-2023 Quizplus LLC.

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