, 29(2): 101114. A. Final lowering associated with a L% boundary tone at the end of a sentence in Ngazidja G44a is often associated with a devoiced final syllable (Patin 2016). The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum cons-triction. Mous Language Documentation and Conservation & & Zsiga What's in a Bantu verb? Actionality in Bantu languages - Semantic Scholar Van de Velde and . Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 akabwa [akab ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 365392. Written by an international team of experts, this comprehensive volume presents grammatical analyses of individual Bantu languages, comparative studies of their main phonetic, phonological and grammatical characteristics and overview chapters on their history and classification. Kln: Institut fr Afrikanistik der Universitt zu Kln. Kim, S.-A. Articulatory positions of six of the vowels of Fang A75 (variety of Bitam). Part of the aim of the present chapter is therefore to draw greater attention to this diversity. Paper presented at West African Phonology Group, London, 28th April, 2011. Each point represents the mean of between nine and 23 tokens of unreduced final or penultimate vowels in a word list spoken by a male speaker. Figure 3.18 , (eds. 133(2): 10431054. & & Some of this diversity may be disguised by the widespread use of simplifying transcriptions and orthographies which normalise away variation within and between languages or underrepresent distinctions. (1994) South Meets North: Ilwana=Bantu+Cushitic on Kenyas Tana River. The Southern Bantu Languages Handbook of African Languages 31: 179198. African Studies Figure 3.1 As is generally the case cross-linguistically, there are fewer nasal vowels than oral ones, at least in lexical stems. S. , Mutaka, N. M. J. S. (PDF) Modern Democracy and Traditional Bantu Governance: Towards an Heerbaart We propose a political theory, based on consensual . PDF World Geography - Unit 3 - Cultural Geography Figure 3.21 Areas in black on the map represent the geographical distribution of languages with large click inventories, and areas in grey represent smaller click inventories. , Kolossa S. Pienaar Delvaux N. 36: 721734. (2002) Language-Specific Patterns of Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation: Acoustic Structures and Their Perceptual Correlates. (1972) The Relationships of Coastal Ndau to the Shona Dialects of the Interior. In Fwe K402, they were borrowed from Khoe and Ju languages (Bostoen & Sands 2012, Gunnink et al. ), Proceedings of Laboratory Phonology 9, 643656. J. C. The dorsal constriction of clicks in Fwe is typically velar. The paper . T. J. Edition 1st Edition. Figures 3.143.16 121(15): 21202152. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies (2002) An Acoustic Study of Contrasting Plosives and Click Accompaniments in Xhosa. Thoughts Prompted by Bilabial and Labiodental Fricatives. (2008) Bantu Spirantization: Morphologization, Lexicalization and Historical Classification. In Shona S10 and Kalanga S16 are also marked by the occurrence of a type of labialisation co-produced with alveolar fricatives which have led to these segments being named whistled, or whistling fricatives (Doke 1931a, Bladon et al. & Bantu peoples | Britannica Phonetica Kisseberth, C. W. L. M. Sands , (2016) Tone and Intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka. A widespread characteristic of Bantu phonology is vowel height harmony (broadly construed). Studies in African Linguistics Guma, S. M. (2014) The Grammatical Structure of Sowetan Tsotsitaal. Trenton; Asmara: Africa World Press. Figure 3.35 On this basis these particular vowels would not quite justify being considered high, but they are clearly markedly higher than those of Xhosa S41. (eds. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics A. 36(1): 6792. Volume 1: The Comparative Linguistics of the Bantu Languages. Heins Namaseb In Tswana S31, declarative sentences are primarily marked by penultimate lengthening and a reduced or devoiced final vowel (Zerbian 2016). (1987), we understand true depression to consist of a special laryngeal posture consistent with very low pitch co-produced with the consonant it is associated with. L. (1982) Fonetika Tabasaranskogo jazyka. & Table 3.2 van Oostendorp, M. Lexical stems have a system of seven oral vowels but only five nasal vowels. In F. Typically, studies of intonation in Bantu languages tend to look at F0 and duration; measures of intensity and spectral tilt are less often used to identify prosodic cues (Zerbian & Barnard 2008). Corrections? Riallands (2007) survey includes seven different prosodic types found in Bantu languages, the most common being the use of register expansion along with the reduction of downdrift. & , In & & This suggests that speakers of the same language may differ in the degree to which they use tongue root position to contrast vowels that are described as differing in the phonological feature [ATR]. (2011) Linguistic Geography or Evidence for Genetic Affiliation? Fwe has four accompaniments including a voiceless nasal accompaniment (Gunnink forthcoming) not known to occur in any other Bantu language. , however, the dorsal burst has a higher amplitude than the anterior click burst. Hyman, L. M. ), Handbook of Click Languages. Vowel height, backness and rounding can all be factors in control of Bantu harmony. South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Our recommended IPA transcription and corresponding Zulu S42 orthographic symbols is given in N. C. Kuperus, J. A majority of Bantu languages have a tonal distinction of High and Low tones, which often may combine into contour tones. Their findings show that participants perform better in syllable awareness tasks than in segment awareness. There are four click accompaniments in Fwe K402: voiceless unaspirated, voiced oral, voiced nasal and voiceless nasal, but the language has no contrast for click type or place (Gunnink forthcoming). Personal or student reference I refer students to this publication for new research articles or for my work, Benefit library's collection Acquisition of this publication will benefit department, faculty and student needs, Affiliation (1995) On the Perception and Production of Tone in Xhosa. M. Journal of Phonetics Riad, T. Figure 3.5 One language is used as the type for each group, for the purpose of . (1999) The Historical Interpretation of Vowel Harmony in Bantu. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 321364. Downing, L. J. Whistling fricatives are very rare cross-linguistically, but they do occur in Mozambican Portuguese (Ashby & Barbosa 2011), clearly due to the influence of Bantu languages. Patin, C. Bennett, W. G. R. W. P. 2(4): 685729. Ultrasound images of Nande JD42 vowels a) ATR /e/ b) RTR /e/, taken along the mid-sagittal plane. (eds. The book discusses the phonetic and morphological characteristics of these 2 zones and a classification of the groups, clusters and dialects is provided. (eds. , Jouannet, F. Nomdebevana (2002) Bantu Cologne Reconstructions 3. Nurse, D. Zulu S42 and Xhosa S41 have dental //, alveolar lateral // and apical post-alveolar // click types. In (2015) Cumulative Effects in Xitsonga: High-Tone Spreading and Depressor Consonants. A discussion of Bantu phonetics would not be complete without reference to some of the studies of the major prosodic characteristics of the languages. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Belo Horizonte: CEFALA. For the purposes of this volume, originally published in 1954, two southern zones of Bantu have been included - south of the Zambesi and east of the Kalahari. Maddieson, I. Note that there are different ways to normalise vowels across speakers; eight different methods are evaluated by Wissing and Pienaar (2014) for a corpus of Southern Sotho S33 vowels, for instance. , (2010) Coproduction and Coarticulation in IsiZulu Clicks. Focus and emphasis are associated with pitch raising in Mwiini G412 (Kisseberth 2016), but this seems to be the exception rather than the rule in Bantu. In Shryock Jessen, M. The Kalanga S16 vowel pairs transcribed /i e/ and /u o/, which are acoustically equally as high as the Vove B305 pairs, differ in both F1 and F2. Paulian, C. (1997) Aspects of Yeyi Diachronic Phonology. Wentzel & Many Bantu languages have relatively simple segmental inventories. Figure 3.13 M. R. Washington, DC: Georgetown University, PhD dissertation. Maddieson, I. Trinta (1988) Speaker Variation and Phonation Type in Tsonga. , 13: 83129. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa. Research the following groups: Bantu, French Canadians (Quebecois), and Basques. (1996) Tonal Transfer in Chichewa. & D. Dotted vertical lines separate the major phonetic components of the first syllable. & ), Selected Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 8289. Hombert, J.-M. In these cases there is a substantial fall in F0 from the onset to the middle of the nasal, and pitch begins to rise before the consonant is released; the pitch peak on the vowel is 40Hz (left panel) or 50Hz (right panel) higher than the lowest pitch in the nasal. Languages of the North-West, the Eastern coastal area and the South-East often have at least one implosive, most frequently a bilabial, but implosives are generally absent in the languages of the Congo basin and the South-West. Vossen, R. A. Maphalala, Z. Bonny Sands, Print publication date: February 2019 also illustrates the fact that depression is not necessarily associated with voicing as both /h/ and /h/ are voiceless (Downing & Gick 2001, Downing 2009). The top and middle rows show a waveform and spectrogram, respectively. M. In Zulu S42, implosive [] tends to have a shorter closure duration and lower amplitude burst than plosive [b] (Naidoo 2010). A. (2015) On Medumba Bilabial Trills and Vowels. A. Louw, 5991. 39(2): 129161. High tone is generally the phonologically marked tone, with Low tone being unmarked (Stevick 1969, Downing 2011) (see also Chapter 5). , (2010) Tongue Body and Tongue Root Shape Differences in Nuu Clicks Correlate with Phonotactic Patterns. In Zulu, for instance, the lexical function is shown in the contrast between yng doctor and yng moon or yl refuse and yl begin. The grammatical function is illustrated in mnt person and mnt it is a person or nghlnz I wash and nghlnz I washing (the participial form). P. 30: 591627. (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. The means are 248 Hz for /i/, 313 Hz for //, 277 Hz for /u/, and 334 Hz for //. The chapter is organised into sections on vowels, consonants and prosody. Source: Recording made available by Hilde Gunnink. Journal of the International Phonetic Association The F1 averages of // and // in Mbam languages is typically higher than that of /e/ and /o/. Yao P21 has a long/short contrast and significant compensatory lengthening so that vowels before prenasalised stops are as long as underlying long vowels and have more than double the duration of short vowels. The Bantu Languages, 2019. Figure 3.20 This gesture may become associated with any class of consonants and thus is capable of becoming itself an independent phonological entity deployed for grammatical effect as in the depression without depressors described by Traill (1990). is a very weak click, as indicated by the extended IPA (extIPA) diacritic for a weak articulation, e.g., [], which is similar to the diacritic for an unreleased stop e.g., (c), but placed under the consonant rather than after it. Mathangwane, J. T. Final lowering is fairly common across Bantu, but is not attested in Basaa A43a (Downing & Rialland 2016b). J. Strasbourg: Institut de Phonetique, available online: Miller, A. Beddor, P. S. (1899) Grundri einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen nebst Anleitung zur Aufnahme von Bantusprachen Anhang : Verzeichnis von Bantuwortstmmen Finally, the (1998) Few People, Many Tongues: The Languages of Namibia. Palatogram of [ana] spoken by a Soga JE16 speaker. & Ndendeule N101 has no long vowels and no lengthening. Phonetica Clark Guthrie, M. ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne, 1721 August 2009, 219224. Figure 3.4 In Northern Sotho S32, however, there is speaker variation in the position of the F0 peak, which may occur somewhere between the second and the third syllable, counting from the high-tone-bearing, verbstem initial syllable (Zerbian 2009). (2010) Phonetically Grounded Phonology and Sound Change: The Case of Tswana Labial Plosives. Moore-Cantwell Bradfield, J. , New Haven: Yale University, PhD dissertation. In this particular token there is a long lag between the time the velar closure is made and when the front closure is sealed, about 80 ms later. D. In Pulleyblank Makasso, E.-M. Downing, L. J. That Zulu dental clicks are produced with a controlled fricated release is also clear from the way the front release initially involves formation of a narrow channel, clearly visible in frame 150. , When speakers of these languages come to Muravjeva Journal of Phonetics (2015) High Vowel Fricativization as an Areal Feature of the Northern Cameroon Grassfields. PDF Bantu Phonetics text Figure 3.12 , van Zanten More details on the articulations of clicks are given by electropalatography (EPG). , Journal of the International Phonetic Association Canberra: Australian Speech Science and Technology Association. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Paper presented at Second World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig. C. J. shows very clearly that independent tongue root adjustment does not contribute to the distinctions between any members of the front vowel set /i e /, nor the back vowel set /u o /. (ed. E. (2011) Notes on Nyokon Phonology (Bantu A.45, Cameroon). Expansion of the closed cavity causes the pressure in the air inside the space to be reduced well below that of the air outside the mouth. In 25(1): 2960. , Schadeberg Downing, L. J. (2009) NUGL Online: The Online Version of the New Updated Guthrie List, a Referential Classification of the Bantu Languages (4 Juni 2009) (Available online at. INTRODUCTION: Phonetics and Phonology in Bantu 2017); from Nguni (primarily Zulu S42), they subsequently spread into other SEB languages (Letele 1945, Bailey 1995). It is possible that phonetic studies of other South-West Bantu click languages will reveal additional click accompaniments. and J. 2003), including several contrasts which are not found in other Bantu languages. However, breathiness is not an invariable accompaniment of depression as had been proposed by Rycroft (1980). Diemer Zamba C322 and Ganda JE15 raise a final High tone in question prosody. Journal of the International Phonetic Association These people spoke Western Bantu languages and shared a Nande . Pakendorf A vertical white dotted line has been added to facilitate comparison between the two images. For instance, there are languages with and without downdrift, though the former are more common (Downing & Rialland 2016b). Roux , Meynadier & (ed. Ejective stops and affricates are more rarely found in the Bantu languages, although they occur as variants of the unaspirated voiceless stops in languages of the South, especially in post-nasal contexts. Mbalangwe K401 has clicks, but whether it is a sociolect of Subiya K42 (Maho 1998: 51) or of Yeyi (Baumbach 1997: 307) is unclear. Arvaniti 38(1): 825. Stem-initial syllables typically have a greater number of segmental contrasts than found elsewhere (Downing 2010). (ed. 2014, Braver 2017). 33(3): 273290. In E. D. 32(2): 161171. Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. 31(1): 149. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. & (2013) Dissimilation by Surface Correspondence in Aghem Velarized Diphthongs. Other major languages of the group, each with 10 million speakers or more, . Hinnebusch Source: Data from Ngessimo Mutaka; measurements by the first author. Hammarstrm H. Rice VOT differs, as expected, between voiced, voiceless unaspirated and aspirated stop categories in Kgalagari S311, and it also varies by place of articulation within each category. Click consonants do not occur Herero R31, Umbundu R11, Totela K41 or Lozi K21, nor are they found in languages of the Wambo R20 cluster, such as Kwanyama R21, Mbalanhu R214 and Ndonga R22. Brenzinger, M. Consonant gemination has developed through internal processes in languages such as Ganda JE15 (Clements 1986) and by contact with Cushitic languages in Ilwana E701 (Nurse 1994). Rous M. . 16: 385400. A particularly interesting claim is made by Mathangwane (1999) concerning her pronunciation of parallel forms in Kalanga S16. & Figure 3.3 Anecdotally, it seems that clicks in other Bantu languages may also vary in amplitude, depending on the individual speaker, stylistic or sociphonetic variables, and prosodic environment. (2014). (2002) Voice Quality Differences Associated with Stops and Clicks in Xhosa. (eds. Nathan Downing, L. J. Among phoneticians, the Bantu languages have a reputation as not having many interesting features, with the exception of the clicks introduced in some languages of the southern area. It has even been used for those which may simply block a raising or high-tone spreading process. B. Post-nasal stops are devoiced in Kgalagari S311 (Sol et al. M. An acoustic artefact of recording in the cylindrical metallic MRI scanner bore is a series of echoes spaced at 53 ms intervals. (1926) The Phonetics of the Zulu Language. Dogil, G. In S. In both cases aspects of timing are particularly relevant. K. (1987) Depressing Facts About Zulu. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Faytak, M. Some North-Western Bantu languages which have stem-initial accent, such as Eton A71, have a focus prosody that causes the lengthening of stem-initial consonants and vowels (Van de Velde & Idiatov 2016). (2016) Intonation in Bemba. ed. The patterning of tones in many Bantu languages resembles that of pitch-accent systems. In (1974) Introduction to the Speech Sounds and Speech Sound Changes of Tsonga. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. The palatal click type may be found as a variant of // used in child-directed speech in Zulu and Xhosa (Bradfield 2014: 27). B. In The typical pattern for dental/alveolar contrasts is that the dentals are laminal while the alveolars are apical. Voiced stops tend to be made with a downward movement of the larynx, presumably to help sustain voicing (Monaka 2001). Rueck, M. J. In the five-vowel system of Xhosa S41, for example, /e o/ are genuinely mid in character. (1997) Languages of the Eastern Caprivi. Berkeley: University of California, PhD dissertation. (2016a) Intonation in African Tone Languages. 13(2): 171196. Lingua (1999) The Phonetic Status of the Labial Flap. . Roux, J. C. Phonology Myers, S. Haacke, W. H. G. Gouskova In the case of Kalanga S16, the mid vowels /e o/ are relatively close to the high vowels /i u/ and far from /a/. 3: 19811984. Dental and lateral clicks are sometimes called noisy, affricated, or pre-affricated (Roux 2007), while the (post-)alveolar is described as abrupt or unaffricated. Palatal clicks in Yeyi R41 are somewhat fricated (Fulop et al. Seifert Abasheikh Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Figure 3.1 The total number of Bantu languages is estimated at between 440 and 680 distinct languages . Executive Director, Summer Institute of Linguistics Ltd., High Wycombe, England. Downing, L. J. These pictures are magnetic resonance images of sustained vowels produced by Pither Medjo Mv, a speaker of the Bitam variety of Fang A75 (Demolin et al. Compare the spacing of Xhosa vowels with those of Kalanga S16, shown in Informa UK Limited, an Informa Group Company Home | About RHO | Collections Skhosana, P. B. African Studies Rialland Language A voiced pharyngeal fricative // is found in Nyokon A45 (Lovestrand 2011). S. (1969) Bantu Lexical Reconstructions. Pretoria: University of Pretoria, PhD dissertation. Dashed vertical lines mark the onset and offset of the bilabial closure. The Impact of Bantu Languages on English Pronunciation Paulo Hadi E. Manuel University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, United States Bantu languages are dialects spoken in the central and southern Africa. (ed. In the Ngwato S31c variety of Tswana S31, ejectives are weak and are sometimes lenited, with loss of ejection: /t k/ ~ [t kx] (Gouskova et al. 19: 111131. Figure 3.11 It has since sometimes come to be used for any consonant which has any local lowering effect on pitch or, more accurately, on the fundamental frequency of vocal fold vibration, abbreviated F0, such as an ordinary voiced plosive. Vowel and Nasal Harmony in Bantu Languages. G.-M. In the Shona S10 group, clicks have only been reported to occur in midlands varieties of Kalanga S16 and in the Ndau S15 variety in Mozambique (Borland 1970, Mkanganwi 1972, Afido et al. Elordieta Kingston, J. Austin: University of Texas, PhD dissertation. Figure 3.14 (2015) Downstep in Tswana (Southern Bantu). (1989) An Acoustic and Perceptual Analysis of Xhosa Vowels. Both Soga JE16 and Fwe K402 have a vowel length contrast. (1971) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. & Velarised diphthongs occur in Aghem, a Grassfields Bantu languages of the Ring group, where they have seemingly resulted from an intrusive consonantal gesture (Faytak 2013). the most detailed study of click production in a Bantu language to date. (1995) Language Contact and Language Change: The Case for chiTumbuka in Northern Malawi. A.-M. Seifert (2016) Tone and Intonation in Shingazidja. However, as was observed long ago by Doke (1931b, 1931a), the phonetic patterns vary quite considerably across the different varieties of Shona S10. This coding system has become the standard for identifying Bantu languages; it was the only practical way to distinguish many ambiguously named languages before the introduction of ISO 639-3 coding, and it continues to be widely used. Another special laryngeal action occurs in the depressor consonants which are characteristic of certain Bantu languages of the Eastern and Southern regions. Ondo 2016). Phonetica (eds. , Herman, R. A Bantu five-vowel system consisting of /i a u/ has been described for Soga JE16 (Nabirye et al. These frames also illustrate the retraction of the tongue tip which occurs just before release of this click type. C. & Fuchs, S. (forthcoming) Studying Clicks Using Real-Time MRI. Yaound: ALCAM, Unit de recherche linguistique et phontique, Institut des Sciences humaines. , & Figure 3.4 Mhlig, W. J. G. Languages which lost clicks entirely include Northern Ndebele of South Africa S408 and Lozi K21 (Ziervogel 1959, Gowlett 1989, Skhosana 2009), though it seems some Northern Ndebele S408 speakers are borrowing clicks back from Zulu S42. Western Bantu Tradition and The Notion of Tradition The closures overlap for 100 ms, until frame 140. & Abry Shosted, R. K. F. The book is divided into four sections: I) Introduction, II) Identifying the Bantu Languages, III) Methods of Classification and IV) The Bantu languages Classified. Figure 3.23 Each point represents the mean of six measurements, three of isolated vowel tokens, plus three tokens in final vowels in /alV/ nonsense words. Voll, R. She found that [ATR] vowels with a constricted voice quality tend to have higher center of gravity values, while [+ATR] vowels with a hollow quality have lower center of gravity values (Starwalt 2008: 441). (1990) Studies in Shona Phonetics: An Analytical Review. T. Figure 3.7 | How to buy Premire Partie: Grammaires Soubiya et Louyi. ), Tabasaranskie Etjudy, 616. Journal of Phonetics 33(3): 261272. A monumental four-volume classification of Bantu languages, Comparative Bantu (196771), which was written by Malcolm Guthrie, has become the standard reference book used by most scholarsincluding those who disagree with Guthries proposed classification, which sets up a basic western and eastern division in Bantu languages with a further 13 subdivisions. I am a member of the publication's editorial board and strongly support the publication, Authored by: (1985) On aspiration in Swahili: Hypotheses, Field Observations and an Instrumental Analysis. J. S. M. ), The Khoesan Languages, 435444. & (1994) Nasales et nasalisation en ggwl, langue bantu du Congo. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of African Linguistics 47, University of California, Berkeley.

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