October 23, 1954. Diem's anti-communism attracted the Americans. Ed. It was noted that in less than three years a chaotic situation resulting from years of war had been changed into one of progress and stability. Ngo Dinh Diem addresses a joint session of the US Congress (1957) purposes and personal use. If you do reduplicate the document, indicate the source. Similarly, Alleged Assassination Plots quotes two CIA cables sent to Saigon, respectively, on October 5 and 6, of which only the latter message seems to exist in the public domain (DIR 73661, here presented as Document 19). Compare this with Document 11 here, and with Items 9 (audio), 10 and 11 in E-book 302. Colby said the coup forces were roughly equal in strength to those that remained loyal to Diem. Letter From Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem - The Vietnam War A Christian Vietnamese named Ngo Dinh Diem had been in the United States between 1950 and 1954, and there he had met Cardinal Francis Spellman and Senator John F. Kennedy. Eisenhower's Letter of Support to Ngo Dinh Diem, October 23, 1954 Dear Mr. President: I have been following with great interest the course of developments in Viet-Nam, particularly since the conclusion of the conference at Geneva. Program of the National Liberation Front or Viet Cong (1962) Some of these materials first appeared in earlier National Security Archive E-books and are added here to provide the larger context of events. vn hai cu tng Khim v Xun JFK Papers: NSF: Country File: b. Site Concept and Design: Paul Halsall created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 3 Mayl 2023 [CV], created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 3 Mayl 2023 [, Internet The implications of the agreement concerning Viet-Nam have caused grave concern regarding the future of a country temporarily divided by an artificial military grouping, weakened by a long and exhausting war and faced with enemies without and by their subversive collaborators within. Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research Thomas L. Hughes made notes of White House conversations with National Security Council staff member Michael Forrestal and Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs Roger Hilsman during August 24-28, 1963, which he referred to as coup planning week. Vietnam took up most of the discussions, including criticism of Nhus explanation for the series of events that led to the pagoda raids which Forrestal said was what he wanted us to hear. They agreed that the Diem government could not survive another 12 months. General Taylors recommendations for Vietnam (November 1961) Center for National Security Studies FOIA request. Photo undated(peacehistory-usfp.org). The visits all confirmed what INR had said in its Problem of Nhu memorandum (Document 17). Nhu suggested that he was not a central figure in the actions undertaken against the Buddhists, although he was in support of them. (BS Tn Tht Thin) DocsTeach is a product of the National Archives education division. Government Printing Office 1991). US security briefings on Ngo Dinh Diem and his regime (1958-1960) Chun Tng L We do not reproduce this here because we presented it in both the previous electronic briefings on this subject. From that point on, the U.S. embassy and Saigon station became even more active as observers of South Vietnamese coup preparations. Hanoi Jane Fondas broadcast from North Vietnam (August 1972) Central Intelligence Agency: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 2000 (declassified February 19, 2009), p. 195. Minh identified the principal plotters, assured the CIA man a coup would take place in the near future, and outlined several possible coup options. John F. Kennedy, Eisenhower's successor in the White House, would increase the commitment of U.S. resources in support of the Ngo Dinh Diem regime in South Vietnam and of non-communist. Such a government would, I hope, be so responsive to the nationalist aspirations of its people, so enlightened in purpose and effective in performance, that it will be respected both at home and abroad and discourage any who might wish to impose a foreign ideology on your free people. b mt c tit l sau 40 nm (T Gn), Nhng Washington, DC, November 1, 2020President John F. Kennedy was more disposed to support the removal of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem in late 1963 than previously appeared to be the case, according to a recently released White House tape and transcript. Eisenhower's letter of support to Ngo Dinh Diem (October 1954) An American press report on the Binh Xuyen (April 1955) Ngo Dinh Diem explains why he rejects national elections (July 1955) Le Duan: 'The path of revolution in the South' (1956) Ngo Dinh Diem addresses a joint session of the US Congress (1957) In a follow-up meeting the next day, another briefing by William Colby summarized the scene in Saigon. Kennedy wanted Lodge to make a personal assessment. Letters to Diem - wwhsenglish.pbworks.com Nhu commented that the South Vietnamese military officers, many of whom were Buddhist themselves, started off in sympathy with the Buddhists following the uprising that occurred in Hue on May 8. Here we present Roger Hilsmans record of that meeting from State Department files (Document 24). Decisions had yet to be made in Washington. By that time Secretary McNamara and General Taylor were in Saigon on their fact-finding mission. ND c c lm Th Tng (HNT & TTN), TT Edict of Emperor Minh Mang against Christians in Vietnam (1833) Newly appointed U.S. Excerpts from the Paris Peace Accords (January 1973) Nhu thought it would take involvement by the United States to seek an end to the present crisis. It hopes that such aid, combined with your own continuing efforts, will contribute effectively toward an independent Viet-Nam endowed with a strong government. Kennedy did a lot of agreeing, letting Lodge talk, but the two concurred the press in Saigon posed a problem, JFK expressed the sense that something would have to be done about Diem, but he didnt want to be driven to that by the press, and he was not yet certain who, other than Diem, the U.S. could support in Saigon. by a long and exhausting war and faced with enemies without and by their subversive There was still time to pull back. On the morning of October 24, Don saw Conein at Tan Son Nhut airport. Phan Boi Chau on Vietnams awakening (1914) of State Bulletin (November 15, 1954), pp. Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem, President of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam, . George Ball argued that Nhu in the ascendant was impossible to live with, making the coup imperative, but the questions were mooted that day when the Vietnamese generals postponed their coup plot. This shows that Nhu, even when calm, as Richardson observes, obsessed with Buddhists spreading propaganda and hiding communist agents among their monks at some of the most important pagodas. SAIGON, Vietnam, Oct. 24 -- In a letter to Premier Ngo Dinh Diem, President Eisenhower has expressed the hope that "indispensable reforms" would be carried out by South Vietnam in. New Light in a Dark Corner: Evidence on the Diem Coup in South Vietnam President, if I was manager of a baseball team, [and] I had one pitcher, Id keep him in the box whether he was a good pitcher or not. Ngo Dinh Nhu, brother of President Diem, and Madame Nhu. Through September and October, even as Washington sought to make its point by considering evacuation of U.S. nationals, withdrawals of American troops, and halting CIA aid to South Vietnamese Special Forces, President Kennedy tried to understand the situation better. Ci A broadcast by Viet Cong propagandist Hanoi Hannah (April 1970) Episodes 1-4 | National Archives both at home and abroad and discourage any who might wish to impose a foreign ideology on Presenting his credentials to Diem on August 26 (Document 8), Ambassador Lodge got 10 minutes to explain the role of public opinion in setting U.S. policy, advising that the Saigon leader release Buddhist prisoners, after which Diem minimized the importance of Buddhists, then treated him to a two-hour harangue on his family and South Vietnam as an underdeveloped country. Please bookmark NSC memorandum on US policy in South Vietnam On the morning of October 5, Lucien Conein, acting as intermediary, met with Gen. Duong Van Big Minh. They agreed that the coup plotters would deal only with Conein in the future. agreement concerning Viet-Nam have caused grave concern regarding the future These lists frequently overlooked Vice President Nguyen Ngoc Tho, who would ordinarily have been Diems constitutional successor. Eisenhower asked Kennedy: "Suppose they try to . The National Security Archive has participated in these debates by introducing important new evidence and interpretation. civilians murdered in Hue City in 1968. Xin vui lng lu bt tng nim n cc v Anh Hng ca QLVNCH If President Diem refused to jettison Nhu, then Diem would have to go as well. Again, the 2003 E-book presented an array of materials on these events (Documents 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28), ranging from Kennedys White House sessions to monitor events, to the CIA daily situation reports, to a cable relating several versions of how Diem and Nhu died, to a CIA retrospective analysis of press coverage of the deaths. The online tool for teaching with documents, from the National Archives, Public Domain, Free of Known Copyright Restrictions, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The implication is that Mike [Forrestal] is.. The contact, and the meeting which followed, tipped the Americans to Nhus maneuvers to create channels to Hanoi, reminded them that coup plans still existed, and informed CIA that the generals were awaiting Diems response to their demands for cabinet-level positions in the South Vietnamese government (Document 13).[4]. University Press of Kansas, 2009 In our 2003 and 2009 postings, and the 2013 update, the story of what Kennedy and his officials actually decided about the Saigon coup in August was at the heart of our inquiry. nguyn vi C TT Ng nh Dim (Phan Thit) JFK Papers: NSF: Country File, b. The citizens of America saw this, not as an opportunity, but as a danger to their precious country. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. met with President John F. Kennedy alone in the Oval Office for his farewell meeting prior to leaving for Vietnam. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, v. IV: Vietnam, August-December 1963. For more information please refer to our Terms of Use. EISENHOWER'S LETTER TO NGO DINH DIEM, October 23, 1954 The US recognises self-governing Vietnam (February 1950), Final declaration of the Geneva Conference on Indochina (July 1954) Ng nh Dim: Ti thit min Nam (HNT & TTN), Vng 336-346. your free people. When, that May, Ngo Dinh Diems government got into a political confrontation with Vietnamese Buddhists, American frustration increased. November 15, 1954, pp.735-736. 24, f.: Meetings on Vietnam, August-November 1963.. We strive for accuracy and fairness. that the United States is able to assist in this humanitarian effort. This primary source comes from the Collection DDE-EPRES: Eisenhower, Dwight D.: Papers as President of the United States. Cu Kennedy, John F. Kennedy to Ngo Dinh Diem. contribute effectively toward an independent Viet-Nam endowed with a strong government. [3] At the same time Lodge was involved in a spat with the CIA over changing its station chief in Saigon. Secretary of State Dean Rusk remarked that were on the road to disaster, posing the alternatives as whether to move U.S. troops into Vietnam or get our resources out. needed reforms. Diem's handwritten proclamation to the Army on the day of the coup, November 1, 1963 (Document 26). Nhu claimed he was prepared to join them which could have been an effort to unmask the coup plotters and their grievances rather than a genuine statement of support. Eisenhower praises the progress in South Vietnam (October 1960), John F. Kennedys inauguration speech (January 1961) [2] In an EYES ONLY cable on September 15, Secretary Rusk warned Ambassador Lodge that the coup envisioned in the Hilsman cable was definitely in suspense and that no effort should be made to stimulate any coup plotting. President Eisenhower then reminded Diem that his territory is protected by SEATO. The implications of the agreement concerning Vietnam have caused grave concern regarding the future of the country temporarily . Ho Chi Minh on founding the Inodchinese Communist Party (1930) 735-736. At one point Ambassador Lodge personally assured General Tran Van Don that CIA operative Conein was speaking authoritatively for the U.S. Ho Chi Minh recalls his conversion to Leninism (1967) An Australian press report on the Tet offensive (February 1968) The Government of the United States expects that this aid John F. Kennedy addresses the UN on Vietnam (September 1961) General Vo Nguyen Giap on why the US will lose in Vietnam (1966) President Eisenhower complimented President Ngo Dinh Diem on the remarkable achievements of the Republic of Viet-Nam under the leadership of President Ngo Dinh Diem since he took office in July 1954. Lodge was the first diplomat to meet with LBJ as president. Rusk said that a cable should be sent to Lodge to assess the proposed coup and whether the U.S. should try to more actively exert influence. On October 24 (Document 23) Conein met again with Don, who confirmed that Harkins had admitted his error in seeming to oppose a coup. Ngha Washington, DC, November 1, 2020 President John F. Kennedy was more disposed to support the removal of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem in late 1963 than previously appeared to be the case, according to a recently released White House tape and transcript. Compare this with Document 10 here, and Items 9 (audio), 10 and 11 of E-book 302. [2] Rufus Phillips, Why Vietnam Still Matters: An Eyewitness Account of Lessons Not Learned. 183-186. glad that the United States is able to assist in this humanitarian effort. 199, f.: Vietnam 9/11-9/17/63, CIA Reports.. Kennedys associates concluded early on that Ngo Dinh Nhu had to go. This present E-book opens (Document 1) with the record of a July 19, 1963, encounter between CIA Station Chief John Richardson and Diems brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, who ran many of South Vietnams special services and was increasingly seen as the power behind the presidency. 4, White House Meetings 8/26/63-10/29/63, State Memoranda.. Kattenburg reported he was hardly able to speak more than once or twice in what was primarily a one-sided monologue by Diem who said he was ready to die even while vigorously defending the policies of his government over the previous months. Augustine Heard, an American traveller, reports on Indochina (1886) TWO LETTERS TO NGO DINH DIEM EISENHOWER'S LETTER TO NGO DINH DIEM October 23, 1954 (Department of State Bulletin, November 15, 1954) Dear Mr. President; I have been following with great interest the course of developments in Vietnam, particularly since the conclusion of the conference at Geneva. Assassination Records Review Board release, document 157-10014-10227. Statement on Student and Faculty Academic Rights and Responsibilities. Neither message, nor the McCone quote, appears in the Foreign Relations of the United States for example, and only the October 6 cable is in a study the agencys Inspector General subsequently did of the Diem coup. maintaining a strong, viable state, capable of resisting attempted subversion or The National Security Archive documented this event in some detail in our 2003 electronic briefing book, where we presented the meeting agenda, a tape of the conversation, the NSC meeting record, and two draft cables to Saigon that the participants considered (2003 E-book, Documents 18, 19, 20, and 21 plus audio clip). Ngo Dinh Diem - Wikipedia Vietnamese leader addresses Congress, May 9, 1957 - POLITICO Diem made conflicting claims that the Buddhists were being stirred up by communist cadres and that the crisis was entirely solved. Deputy Director of the Office of Southeast Asian Affairs, Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs, Department of State, Paul Kattenburg met with President Diem for three hours on August 28. part3. Since then, however, some officers turned against the movement once the political aims of some Buddhist leaders became more apparent, blaming the Diem government for being ineffective in dealing with the problem. Such a government would, I hope, The quote has been used in virtually every account of the Diem coup written since that time. Lyndon Johnson on the political aims of the Vietnam War (June 1966) Le Duan reminds agents in the South of tactics (November 1965) McCone said he felt that Kennedy agreed. nhng n anh ln (Nguyn Tng Phong), Nhng Ho Chi Minh condemns French imperialism (1920) CIA electronic reading room; declassified July 24, 2015. The IHSP is a project independent of Fordham University. Cht ca TT Ng nh Dim (Aladin Nguyen) 1) how does this document President Dwight Eisenhower: Letter to Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History - Fordham University Eisenhower sent a letter to Ngo Dinh Diem, the Prime Minister of South Vietnam, with America's plans and motives in efforts to gain the trust of a possible new American ally. The Vietnam War Primary Sources - Shmoop On the evening of September 7, Ngo Dinh Nhu called a meeting of all senior South Vietnamese military commanders in the Saigon area. United States Ambassador Donald R. Heath delivered this letter from President Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem, President of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam (Viet-Nam), on October 23, 1954. Government of Viet-Nam. Ngo Dinh Diem (1901-63) was the United States-backed leader of South Vietnam from 1954. Your recent requests for aid to assist PDF Chapter 3 'Sink or Swim, with Ngo Dinh Diem' - University of Houston Ng nh Dim: Giai on cc k gy cn (HNT & TTN) part 1, part 2, Lodge and Kennedy met in the Oval Office on August 15 (Item 2, Document 3). Diem and Nhu seemed to desire to present Lodge with a fait accompli regarding the Buddhists upon his arrival in Saigon. Cable 243 discusses the removal of Ngo Dinh Diem (August 1963) ISBN:978-0-3002-1780-3, William Colby and the CIA: The Secret Wars of a Controversial Spymaster Learn more on our privacy and legal page. The former ambassador argued that no one other than Diem could keep South Vietnam together. C. protect Western oil interests. Kennedy's views on removing Diem become more explicit in a tape recording of his meeting with newly-appointed Ambassador to Saigon Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., in mid-August 1963, just before Lodge set out for Saigon. Today, the National Security Archive is posting for the first time materials from U.S. and Vietnamese archives that open the window into this pivotal event a little bit wider. Ng nh Dim: Giai on cc k gy cn (HNT & TTN), TT Hilsman dominated the discussion, with Taylor doubting whether Saigon could get along without Diem, and McNamara sought assurances on four points. CIA Director Colby described a Saigon situation that pictured the pro-regime forces as stronger than the plotters. The E-book contained a selection of documents that showed how Washington considered South Vietnamese who might be alternative candidates for leadership, and jumped ahead to the final days before the coup. rule 198, f.: Vietnam 8/21-8/30/63.. EISENHOWER'S LETTER TO NGO DINH DIEM, October 23, 1954 Dear Mr. President; I have been following with great interest the course of developments in Vietnam, particularly since the conclusion of the conference at Geneva. Please visit and sign our Other History Sourcebooks: African | East Asian | Indian | Islamic |Jewish | Lesbian and Gay | Science | Women's | Global, Letter to Ngo Dinh Diem, October 23, 1954, Letter from President Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem, President of the Council of . The received history on this is that Hilsman, Harriman, and NSC staffer Michael Forrestal advocated going ahead with a coup, while other factions opposed it. General Tran Van Don, one of the coup plotters and a point of contact for CIA operative Lucien Conein (generalhieu.com). The South Vietnamese demands for American support became more insistent in the second half of August, 1963, and the posting presented the National Security Council (NSC) and State Department records of a series of White House meetings and other U.S. deliberations over a coup in Saigon. We have been exploring ways and means to permit our aid to Viet-Nam to be more effective and to make a greater contribution to the welfare and stability of the government of Viet-Nam. Press Release of Letter from President Dwight Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem But within hours he would be deposed and 24 hours later summarily executed by the military. During his trip the Saigon situation escalated as Nhu went ahead to launch the raids on the Buddhist pagodas he had already planned. The agreement called for an election to reunify the two zones in 1956. since the conclusion of the conference at Geneva. Thomas L. Hughes Papers, Courtesy of Thomas Hughes. mi nm ngm ngi (Trng Phu' Th) A US report on Soviet aid to North Vietnam (November 1965), US MACV memo on winning the Vietnam War (September 1965) domain and copy-permitted texts for introductory level classes in modern Harkins, a long-time friend of Lodges from their upbringing in Massachusetts and shared time in the U.S. Army, expressed regret for his remarks and said he would inform Don that his comments did not reflect official U.S. Government policy. Internet A Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operative was approached during the time of U.S. 4th of July festivities by South Vietnamese military officers who wanted U.S. support for a coup detat that might overthrow Diem (2003 E-book, document 1). 35+ YEARS OF FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACTION, FOIA Advisory Committee Oversight Reports, The Diem Coup After 50 Years John F. Kennedy and South Vietnam, 1963, Kennedy Considered Supporting Coup in South Vietnam, August 1963, The Last Brahmin: Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. and the Making of the Cold War, William Colby and the CIA: The Secret Wars of a Controversial Spymaster, Vietnam: The History of an Unwinnable War, 1945-1975, The Ghosts of Langley: Into the CIA's Heart of Darkness. Medieval Sourcebook, and other medieval components of the project, are located at We have since continued to collect material, and Luke Nichters presentation of the Kennedy-Lodge tape from mid-August offers a good opportunity to revisit the coup. The US Congress Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (August 1964) mi nm sau tnh hay m (BS Nguyn Tin Cnh ), CS HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. Diem was Catholic, and in 1945 the communists in Vietnam had imprisoned him and then exiled him to Chiang Kai-shek's China. Secretary of State Dean Rusk proposed that regular meetings of the group be conducted similar to the Cuban Missile Crisis meetings of the Ex Comm. Forrestal also commented, without further elaboration, that others had not been privy to the latest Lodge-JFK private communications. of American aid given directly to your Government can serve to assist Viet-Nam I am glad Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Text of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution approved by the U.S. Congress, August 7th, 1964. TT The tapes of the White House meetings on August 26, 27, and 28, along with written records of those meetings made by NSC notetaker Bromley K. Smith and State Department official Roger A. Hilsman are available in the earlier postings, along with one record by General Victor H. Krulak. The inauguration speech of Duong Van Minh (April 1975) Years later, when the Church Committee was investigating the CIA (in 1975), McCone quoted himself telling John F. Kennedy, in precise words that he remembered very clearly, Mr. in its present hour of trial, provided that your Government is prepared Modern History Sourcebook. JFK Papers: NSF: Country File, b. The coup against Diem has been a much-debated passage in the history of the American war in Vietnam. LBJ Library: Bromley K. Smith Papers, b. Just as Kennedy ended the August round of coup talks, State Department official Paul Kattenburg, who had known Diem for a decade, had his own experience (Document 14). On this date, President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam addressed a Joint Meeting of Congress. Anyone can read what you share. Ngo Dinh Diem - Vietnam War SOURCE: JFKL: JFKP: National Security File . After a September lull, the coup plotters in Saigon began to strengthen in early October. Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem, President of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam, October 23, 1954 DEAR MR. with great interest the course of developments in Viet-Nam, particularly since the conclusion of the conference at Geneva. Plus, we've got an entire learning guide devoted to this document. JFKPapers: NSF: Country File: b. aid will be met by performance on the part of the Government of Viet-Nam in undertaking DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: I have been following with great interest the course of 202-994-7000 ornsarchiv@gwu.edu. A US general reflects on US, North Vietnamese tactics (1984) Lodge began with a summary of his conversation the night before with Than Thi Nam Tran, wife of Vietnamese Ambassador to the U.S. Tran Van Chuong, and mother of Madame Nhu. Eisenhower wrote to South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem and promised direct assistance to his government. Gi nh Mnh (T Gn - Si Gn Nh), CS D. inhibit the growth of radical Islam. Bin Tnh Sng - (Hoi cm ca Trn khc Knh). The PICL of November 2 (Document 27) records that Diem and Nhu had been killed. It hopes that such aid, combined with your own continuing efforts, will Primary Source. In 2009 the Kennedy Library made a release of the tapes that actually covered the White House conversations of late August. JFK Papers: Kennedy Tapes, Tape/Conversation 104/A-40/004; transcription by Luke Nichter. Ridenhour's Confession Eisenhower believed "losing" South Vietnam to communism would be a strategic, economic, and humanitarian disaster. Lodge told Diem that he knew little about Vietnam but hoped to advise him on American affairs. Ngo Dinh Diem explains why he rejects national elections (July 1955) President Kennedy meets with newly-appointed Ambassador to South VietnamHenry Cabot Lodge. European and World history. The Presidents Intelligence Checklist for August 24, 1963 concluded that Nhu is believed to be behind the recent antagonism against the Buddhists and the imposition of martial law in Saigon. The Government of the United States expects that this aid will be met by performance on the part of the Government of Viet-Nam in undertaking needed reforms. JFK Papers: Kennedy Tapes, Tape/Conversation 104/A-40/004, Audio recording of President John F. Kennedy conversation with U.S. This supplemented the earlier electronic briefing book. Tucked away in Roger Hilsmans papers, a portion of which were deposited later at the Lyndon Johnson Presidential Library, was a CIA-created timetable of Agency contacts with South Vietnamese generals from August 23 through October 23. Here we supplement the 2003 coverage with some new evidence. Ho Chi Minh calls for unity against the French (February 1930) will be met by performance on the part of the Government of Viet-Nam in In one case we also had a record made by a senior Pentagon participant, Major General Victor Krulak. The suicide note of Hanoi governor Hoang Dieu (1882) Letter from President Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem, President of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam, October 23, 1954. This amounted much more to a quest for more information on Saigon conditions than an assault against a purported pro-coup faction. A journalist reports on the fragging of US officers (January 1972), Ridenhour letter to Congress exposing My Lai (March 1969) By the time John F. Kennedy was president, the situation seemed hopeful for a momentlong enough for JFK to think of Vietnam as a sort of laboratory where he could try out tactics and techniques. Once American policymakers became aware that the coup plotters considered assassination a potential part of their plan they proceeded very carefully. Such a government would, I hope, be so responsive to the nationalist aspirations of its

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